ÜThere is an old joke among nuclear physicists about fusion energy: The technology is only 20 years away from being ready for the market, but it has been like this for 60 years – and it will still be the same in 60 years. The Munich start-up Marvel Fusion is nevertheless convinced that the breakthrough could actually happen soon. At least the support for the young company from industry indicates that the project is not just a pipe dream. Three major companies have entered into a partnership with Marvel Fusion this year: the energy technology manufacturer Siemens Energy, the laser specialist Trumpf and the French company Thales.
The founders around the engineer and former McKinsey consultant Heike Freund have reason for optimism that they have chosen a different approach than usual. For decades, scientists have fused atoms by exposing matter to extremely high temperatures using very powerful magnets. Marvel Fusion uses lasers instead. With very short light pulses lasting just a femtosecond – as long as it takes for a beam of light to traverse a hair – a large amount of energy can be transmitted in a very targeted manner. This stimulates the particles in a boron-hydrogen mixture to fuse. The products are – in addition to helium – heat and positively charged particles. Both can be converted into energy. The laser technology required for this was only developed a few years ago. In 2018 it was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.
The great challenge in the practical application of nuclear fusion lies in the expenditure of energy. It has been proven that it basically works. It’s just that no one has ever managed to get more energy out than is put in. The current record is held by the American “National Ignition Facility”, which was able to recover 70 percent of the energy used in a laser experiment last year. That was spectacular progress, for a long time only values in the single-digit percentage range were possible.
The goal is commercial power plants by 2030
Marvel Fusion has been around for two and a half years. At first, the founders worked purely theoretically, with simulations in supercomputers. In the meantime, the company has reached the phase of experimental testing in high-power laser systems. There are only about ten of them in the world. Heike Freund estimates that an in-house prototype for validation would cost around 500 million euros. The big goal: If everything works out, the first commercial power plants should be available in the early 2030s. However, other experts expect this to happen in the second half of the next decade.
So far, the company has raised 65 million euros in capital, most recently 35 million euros in February from venture capitalist Earlybird. Marvel Fusion has not yet received state funding, but has won over the well-known industrial partners Thales, Trumpf and Siemens Energy. According to Siemens Energy, renewable energies such as wind power and photovoltaics alone are not enough for a climate-friendly and secure energy supply. That’s why the Munich-based company is working with Marvel Fusion, even though the parent company Siemens has long since said goodbye to nuclear technology.
Siemens Energy sees two advantages in laser-based fusion technology: it produces very little radioactive waste and can be ready for the market faster than other approaches. In the partnership, Siemens Energy will primarily be responsible for converting fusion energy into electricity. According to its own information, the Swabian laser specialist Trumpf also firmly believes that laser-driven nuclear fusion “will be an essential component of future energy supply”, as a company spokesman says. Trumpf is to develop special lasers for nuclear fusion. However, the engineers do not expect devices suitable for use in power plants until 2040. Trumpf also does not want to commit itself to Marvel Fusion as the only potential partner.
In addition to the start-up from Munich, other companies are also trying to use laser technology to help the fusion reactor achieve a breakthrough. One of them is Focused Energy from Darmstadt, which was founded by German and American scientists. HB11 from Australia, Innoven Energy from the USA and EX-Fusion from Japan also rely on laser fusion technology.
